Lamenting that it was yet another reflection of the escalating human … The Romans, Carthaginians and ancient Macedonians occasionally used elephants for executions while also making use of war elephants for military purposes, most famously in the case of Hannibal. Mosquito-borne illnesses such as malaria, dengue, West Nile disease, yellow fever, and Zika disease cause widespread suffering and death. "A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels". In a horrific incident, a 15-year-old pregnant elephant died in Kerala, standing in water, on 27 May, after she was fed a pineapple stuffed with firecrackers, offered to … However, elephants often fare … Telling Numbers: 2,361 humans, 510 elephants killed in conflict in five years Among elephant deaths caused in conflict with humans, electrocution is the primary cause, accounting for nearly two-thirds of the deaths (333 out of 510). Abu Naser Md. Warning. "Between Athens and Jerusalem: Jewish Identity in the Hellenistic Diaspora". The animal was mottled and of enormous size, and was quietly standing there with his keeper seated upon his neck; the noble who accompanied us desired the man to dismount and stand on one side. "A New Account of the East Indies: Being the Observations and Remarks of Capt. Investigators say ill-fated Friedrich, 46, was attempting to give the ailing elephant an olive-oil enema when the relieved beast unloaded on him like a dump truck full of mud. Prof Tissa Vitarana heading the COPA inquiry on human-elephant conflict By Saman Indrajith An inquiry conducted by the Parliamentary Committee on Public Accounts (COPA) has found that Sri Lanka is the country with the highest number of elephants killed due to the human-elephant conflict. The journal of John Crawfurd records another method of execution by elephant in the kingdom of Cochinchina (modern south Vietnam), where he served as a British envoy in 1821. During an expedition to central India in 1868, Louis Rousselet described the execution of a criminal by an elephant. [1] The Hindu Manu Smriti or Laws of Manu, written sometime between 200 BCE and 200 CE, prescribed execution by elephants for a number of offences. "[19], Elephants were widely used across the Indian subcontinent and South Asia as a method of execution. Theunis Botha, 51, was leading an afternoon hunt at Good Luck Farm, near Hwange National Park, Friday when the group stumbled upon a herd of elephants, according to South African media reports. If property was stolen, for instance, "the king should have any thieves caught in connection with its disappearance executed by an elephant. Such executions were often held in public as a warning to any who may transgress. Benisch, A. "Natural history of man, the globe, and of quadrupeds". According to local reports Sheldon and a colleague […] C. Hitch and A. Millar, 1744. Oxford University Press, 2004. Lee, Samuel (trans). [1] When the Sassanid king Khosrau II, who had a harem of 3,000 wives and 12,000 female slaves, demanded as a wife Hadiqah, the daughter of the Christian Arab Na'aman, Na'aman refused to permit his Christian daughter to enter the harem of a Zoroastrian; for this refusal, he was trampled to death by an elephant. Hamilton, Alexander. On November 24, three people were trampled to death by wild elephants in the upazila. Hindu and Muslim rulers executed tax evaders, rebels and enemy soldiers alike "under the feet of elephants". Alexander Hamilton, from the Year 1688 to 1723". [25] The Roman writer Quintus Curtius Rufus relates the story in his Historiae Alexandri Magni:[26]. ASIN: B0000CLTET. Udhagamandalam: In an attack reportedly by a wild pachyderm, late on Friday,Nagamuthu (65) of Kannan Vayal near Cherambadi was killed. A source in the department said according to the four-year data, Karnataka occupies the sixth spot nationally when it comes to humans being killed by elephants and tigers. The Muslim traveler Ibn Battuta, visiting Delhi in the 1330s, has left the following eyewitness account of this particular type of execution by elephants:[12]. ... to test the animals to ensure they do not pose a risk to human life. West Bengal state accounted for more than a quarter of deaths. [18], The growing power of the British Empire led to the decline and eventual end of elephant executions in India. Fox, Robin Lane. Wild elephants in Odisha have killed 527 people in the last six years and this year, it may only get worse, statistics by a non-profit have shown. Sirr, Sir Charles Henry, quoted in Barrow, George. Schimmel, Annemarie. Due to rampant deforestation, the elephant-human conflict seems to be escalating in India. [4] In Siam, elephants were trained to throw the condemned into the air before trampling them to death. Rangers at … Execution by elephant has been done in many parts of the world, by both Western and Eastern empires. While African elephants are significantly larger than Asian elephants, African powers were not known to make as much use of the animals in warfare or ceremonial affairs compared to their Asian counterparts. Between 2012 and 2018 as many as 45 people are known to have been killed by elephants while 30 others were injured. Riff Raff the ‘problem-causing’ elephant. A man was killed by an elephant he mistook for one he had aided years earlier. This he continued to do for some minutes; then, as if satisfied that the bones must be crushed, the elephant raised his trunk high upon his head and stood motionless; the chief then ordered him to 'complete his work,' and the creature immediately placed one foot, as if upon the man's abdomen, and the other upon his head, apparently using his entire strength to crush and terminate the wretch's misery. Allsen, Thomas T. "The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History". Other Indian polities also carried out executions by elephant. One such example is mentioned by Josephus and the deuterocanonical book of 3 Maccabees in connection with the Egyptian Jews, though the story is likely apocryphal. (trans). They were ordered, accordingly, to be thrown to the elephants, which had been taught to cut their victims to pieces. Man is killed when an elephant sits on him: ‘Carer’ is crushed as he beat the animal with a cane to make it lie down… only to slip underneath the beast and get squashed. "[7] For example, in 1305, the sultan of Delhi turned the deaths of Mongol prisoners into public entertainment by having them crushed by elephants. On such occasions the elephant-driver rode upon them: and, when a man was thrown to them, they would wrap the trunk about him and toss him up, then take him with the teeth and throw him between their fore feet upon the breast, and do just as the driver should bid them, and according to the orders of the Emperor. Knox says the elephants he witnessed had their tusks fitted with "sharp Iron with a socket with three edges". A famous South African big-game hunter has died after being crushed by an elephant that had been shot during a hunt in Zimbabwe. The practice was eventually suppressed by the European colonial powers that colonised the region in the 18th and 19th centuries. Udhagamandalam: In an attack reportedly by a wild pachyderm, late on Friday,Nagamuthu (65) of Kannan Vayal near Cherambadi was killed. The criminal was placed three yards behind on the ground, his legs tied by three ropes, which were fastened to a ring on the right hind leg of the animal. Elephants can be trained to execute prisoners in a variety of ways, and can be taught to prolong the agony of the victim by inflicting a slow death by torture or to kill the condemned quickly by stepping on the head. Yasin Newaz, Divisional Forest Officer, Wildlife Management and Ndature Conservation Division, Chittagong told the Dhaka Tribune that the incidents of human-elephant attack rose alarmingly in Chittagong region. A suspected poacher in South Africa was killed by an elephant before his body was then eaten by a pride of lions. 135–6. Elephants accounted for 1,052 human deaths and tigers 92, according to the figures released to parliament last week. Most commonly employed by royalty, the elephants were used to signify both the ruler's absolute power and his ability to control wild animals. "A Sourcebook on the Roman Games". See Example(s) A man was on holiday in Kenya. London, 1856. Punjab BJP says Yograj Singh should be jailed for his comment, Country will not have to wait too long for Covid-19 vaccine: PM, BJP govt at Centre should withdraw farm laws or step down, says Mamata. After having been tortured in this manner for about an hour, he was taken to the outside of the town, when the elephant, which is instructed for such purposes, was backed, and put his foot on the head of the criminal. "[15] The naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon cited this flexibility of purpose as evidence that elephants were capable of "human reasoning, [rather] than a simple, natural instinct".[16]. (CNN) A 59-year-old Austrian tourist has been killed by an elephant while on a camping trip in Namibia, the southern African country's Ministry of Environment and Tourism said Friday. Crawfurd, John. [1] On one occasion, Akbar was recorded to have had a man thrown to the elephants to suffer five days of such treatment before pardoning him. Oriental Translation Committee, 1829. COVID-19 shock waves: Taking stock of the Indian economy. Eraly, Abraham. Most commonly employed by royalty, the elephants were used to signify both the ruler's absolute power and his ability to control wild animals. At around 45 years old, Riff Raff was an elephant bull in his prime, driven by ancient instincts at conflict with the space available to him. "What the Crystal Revealed". Olivelle, Patrick (trans). [8], During the Mughal era, "it was a common mode of execution in those days to have the offender trampled underfoot by an elephant. The 19th-century traveler James Emerson Tennent comments that "a Kandyan [Sri Lankan] chief, who was witness to such scenes, has assured us that the elephant never once applied his tusks, but, placing his foot on the prostrate victim, plucked off his limbs in succession by a sudden movement of his trunk. "Alexander the Great". [1] Alexander Hamilton provides the following account from Siam:[5]. Their hoofs were cased with sharp iron instruments, and the extremities of these were like knives. Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 1860. Not unlike white tail Rabbi Petachiah of Ratisbon, a twelfth-century Jewish traveler, reported an execution by this means during his stay in Seljuk-ruled northern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq):[23]. They were sometimes preceded by torture publicly inflicted by the same elephant used for the execution. Upon a certain day, when I myself was present, some men were brought out who had been accused of having attempted the life of the Vizier. Writing in 1850, the British diplomat Henry Charles Sirr described a visit to one of the elephants that had been used by Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, the last king of Kandy, to execute criminals. This is where the elephant population and the human population are vying for the same territory. When the sultan condemns anyone to death, they say to the elephant, "this person is guilty." [17], The use of elephants as executioners continued well into the latter half of the 19th century. The ‘problem-causing’ elephant known as Riff Raff has been shot and killed by provincial authorities in South Africa. VIII". Copyright © 2020 The Covai Post, All Rights Reserved. "The Travels of Ibn Batuta". Poachers have killed at least six elephants in a single day in Ethiopia, wildlife officials said on Tuesday, the largest such slaughter in memory in the east African nation.. The contemporary historian Khafi Khan reported that "for a trifling offense he [Santaji] would cast a man under the feet of an elephant. H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 1830. The elephant raised his trunk, and twined it, as if around a human being; the creature then made motions as if he were depositing the man on the earth before him, then slowly raised his back-foot, placing it alternately upon the spots where the limbs of the sufferer would have been. Perdiccas saw that they [the mutineers] were paralyzed and at his mercy. The body was removed to the Government hospital in Gudalur for post mortem. Responding to a query in Lok Sabha, Minister of State for Environment Babul Supriyo says that last year alone, nearly 494 persons were killed by elephants. "[9] Captain Alexander Hamilton, writing in 1727, described how the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan ordered an offending military commander to be carried "to the Elephant Garden, and there to be executed by an Elephant, which is reckoned to be a shameful and terrible Death". Kerala, the land with the highest literacy record in India witnessed an incident of human cruelty few days ago. "Ceylon: Past and Present". Elephant mystery deepens as study suggests animals died ‘fast and sudden’ and were not killed by poachers. The executions were intended to be gruesome and often were. The animals were trained and versatile, able to kill victims immediately or to torture them slowly over a prolonged period. The Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great is said to have "used this technique to chastise 'rebels' and then in the end the prisoners, presumably much chastened, were given their lives". The state has already reported eight human deaths just six days into the current year — 2020-21. It is big, eats about two wagon loads of straw at once; its mouth is in its breast, and when it wants to eat it protrudes its lip about two cubits, takes up the straw with it, and puts it in its mouth. The animals were trained and versatile, able to kill victims immediately or to torture them slowly over a prolonged period. [1] Several such exercises of mercy are recorded in various Asian kingdoms. Similarly, the Roman writer Valerius Maximus records how the general Lucius Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus "after King Perseus was vanquished [in 167 BC], for the same fault (desertion) threw men under elephants to be trampled ... And indeed military discipline needs this kind of severe and abrupt punishment, because this is how strength of arms stands firm, which, when it falls away from the right course, will be subverted. Surprisingly, the most dangerous animal to humans is not a large, sharp-toothed predator but rather a tiny, buzzing insect. If the order was to cut him to pieces, the elephant would do so with his irons, and then throw the pieces among the assembled multitude: but if the order was to leave him, he would be left lying before the Emperor, until the skin should be taken off, and stuffed with hay, and the flesh given to the dogs. "Ceylon: An Account of the Island Physical, Historical and Topographical". Leavitt & Allen, 1857. p. 113. "Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors", Phoenix House, 2005. Ryley Scott, George. Wm. Tennent, Emerson James. Mosquitoes are responsible for around 725,000 deaths per year. The intelligence, domesticability, and versatility of the elephant gave it considerable advantages over other wild animals such as lions and bears used as executioners by the Romans. Maddock, Eleanor. [11] Some monarchs also adopted this form of execution for their own entertainment. During the native dynasty it was the practice to train elephants to put criminals to death by trampling upon them, the creatures being taught to prolong the agony of the wretched sufferers by crushing the limbs, avoiding the vital parts. Crushing by elephant had been abolished by the British after they annexed the Kingdom of Kandy in 1815 but the king's execution elephant was still alive and evidently remembered its former duties. vol. Deserters, prisoners of war and military criminals are recorded by ancient chroniclers to have been put to death under the foot of an elephant. This page was last edited on 30 November 2020, at 17:18. When one of these is brought forth to dispatch a criminal, if his keeper desires that the offender be destroyed speedily, this vast creature will instantly crush him to atoms under his foot; but if desired to torture him, will break his limbs successively, as men are broken on the wheel. "Travels of Petachia of Ratisbon". Why Transparent Eyeglass Frames are Selling Like Hotcakes? The devastating incident took place at Thornybush River Lodge on Tuesday morning. With the last tyrant king of Candy, this was a favourite mode of execution and as one of the elephant executioners was at the former capital during our sojourn there we were particularly anxious to test the creature's sagacity and memory. "The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture". Indian (Asian) elephants may kill up to 360 or so humans a year in situations where, shall we say, humans and the elephants are involved in human/elephant conflicts. University of Pennsylvania Press, May 2006. [2] Nor was crushing the only method used by the Mughals' execution elephants; in the Mughal sultanate of Delhi, elephants were trained to slice prisoners to pieces "with pointed blades fitted to their tusks". About 2,361 people were killed in attacks by elephants between 2014 and 2019, according to data recorded by the Indian government. This aggression can be deadly for humans, who are far outmatched by an elephant’s size and height in a confrontation. A sketch depicting the execution showed the condemned being forced to place his head upon a pedestal, and then being held there while an elephant crushed his head underfoot. "The Percy Anecdotes vol. The ruler was thus seen as maintaining a moral and spiritual domination over wild beasts, adding to their authority and mystique among subjects.[1]. Odisha: 100 Humans Killed in Conflict with Elephants in One Year This year till date, on an average, one human-elephant encounter has been witnessed every 2 days and in every 3 days, a human has been reported killed in such encounters. The kings of Siam trained their elephants to roll the convicted person "about the ground rather slowly so that he is not badly hurt". Most people consider them nothing more than a summer evening nuisance, but they are the deadliest animal on earth. [13] Another Maratha leader, the general Santaji, inflicted the punishment for breaches in military discipline. The 527 people were killed between April 1, 2014 and March 31, 2020. Perdiccas, who became regent of Macedon on the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, had mutineers from the faction of Meleager thrown to the elephants to be crushed in the city of Babylon. African Lion. Woman killed in elephant attack in Chhattisgarh A 35-year-old woman was trampled to death by a wild elephant in Chhattisgarh's Korba district, a forest department official said on Tuesday. Elephants have long been used as symbols of royal authority (and still are in some places, such as Thailand, where white elephants are held in reverence). Execution by elephant was a common method of capital punishment in South and Southeast Asia, particularly in India, where Asian elephants were used to crush, dismember or torture captives in public executions. Kerr, Robert. 3 Maccabees describes an attempt by Ptolemy IV Philopator (ruled 221–204 BC) to enslave and brand Egypt's Jews with the symbol of Dionysus. He withdrew from the main body some 300 men who had followed Meleager at the time when he burst from the first meeting held after Alexander's death, and before the eyes of the entire army he threw them to the elephants. Reaktion Books, February 2004. COPA Chaired by Prof Tissa Vitharana has also revealed that […] Its head is not protruding. Writing in 1914, Eleanor Maddock noted that in Kashmir, since the arrival of Europeans, "many of the old customs are disappearing – and one of these is the dreadful custom of the execution of criminals by an elephant trained for the purpose and which was known by the hereditary name of 'Gunga Rao'. Sirr comments:[22]. Futrell, Alison (Quoted by) (ed.). [2] Elephants were occasionally used in trial by ordeal in which the condemned prisoner was released if he managed to fend off the elephant. "[6], Elephants were used as executioners of choice in India for many centuries. Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc. “Conflicts have now been detected in 41 sites where wild elephants are present, up from just 20 back in 2003,” Pichet Noonto, an elephant specialist, warned in 2018. The man, though covered in mud, showed every sign of life, and seemed to be in the most excruciating torments. The practice appears to have been adopted in parts of the Muslim Middle East. At Nineveh there was an elephant. The earliest records of such executions date back to the classical period. Penguin, 2004. p. 474. Lamenting that it was yet another reflection of the escalating human-animal conflict particularly in Gudalur and surroundings of the Nilgiris district ,wildlife activist of the United Conservation Movement Vijay Krishnaraj told The Hindu that it was high time the authorities concerned woke up to the dangerous trend. The Maratha Chatrapati Sambhaji ordered this form of death for a number of conspirators, including the Maratha official Anaji Datto in the late seventeenth century. In the same period about 510 … A man suspected of being a rhino poacher was killed last week by an elephant and his remains devoured by a pride of lions at a South African park, officials said. University of California Press, 1985. p. 80. [1] "[27], There are fewer records of elephants being used as straightforward executioners for the civil population. The English sailor Robert Knox, writing in 1681, described a method of execution by elephant which he had witnessed while being held captive in Sri Lanka. When elephants and humans interact, there is conflict from crop raiding, injuries and deaths to humans caused by elephants, and elephants being killed by humans for reasons other than ivory and habitat degradation. "[14], The early-19th-century writer Robert Kerr relates how the king of Goa "keeps certain elephants for the execution of malefactors. Elephant-human conflict is a result of habitat loss and fragmentation. Tributes have poured in for a young safari field guide, Sheldon Hooper (27) who has tragically been killed by an elephant in a luxury private game reserve adjacent to South Africa’s famous Kruger National Park. At every step the elephant took, it jerked him forward, and every eight or ten steps must have dislocated another limb, for they were loose and broken when the elephant had proceeded five hundred yards. Blackwell Publishing, 2006. p. 8. An account of one such torture-and-execution at Baroda in 1814 has been preserved in The Percy Anecdotes: The man was a slave, and two days before had murdered his master, brother to a native chieftain, called Ameer Sahib. Man-eating lions like the ones who famously killed over 100 men working on a railway … The French traveler François Bernier, who witnessed such executions, recorded his dismay at the pleasure that the emperor derived from this cruel punishment. 1. "[21] Knox's book depicts exactly this method of execution in a famous drawing, An Execution by an Eliphant. [28] The mass execution was ultimately thwarted, supposedly by the intervention of angels, following which Ptolemy took an altogether more forgiving attitude towards his Jewish subjects. When elephant routes get damaged because of human intervention, human-elephant conflict arise within that region. About eleven o'clock the elephant was brought out, with only the driver on his back, surrounded by natives with bamboos in their hands. Inflicted by the European colonial powers that colonised the region in the same elephant for. Used as executioners continued well into the 19th century of habitat loss fragmentation! 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Copyright © 2020 the Covai post, All Rights Reserved in 2014-15, and the... To death public as a method of execution Topographical '' being the Observations and of., ordering the creature to 'slay the wretch! known to have ordered a huge number of criminals to thrown... Is guilty. the Island Physical, Historical and Topographical '' the 527 people were trampled to death wild! Feet of elephants in the upazila [ 11 ] Some monarchs also adopted this form of execution leader. Torture them slowly over a prolonged period Siam, elephants were widely used across the Indian Government,. Culture '' wretch! House, 2005 various Asian kingdoms that end, many of the world, by Western... The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: a study of T'ang Exotics '' Some also. Was killed by poachers the executions were intended to be gruesome and were... Then eaten by a pride of lions gruesome and often were Thornybush River Lodge on Tuesday.!
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